The second messenger PIP3 formed by PI3K can be hydrolyzed to PIP2 by the phosphatase PTEN. PIP2 can be hydrolyzed to diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) by phospholipase C (PLC). IP3 dissociates from the membrane into the cell, where it opens channels of intracellular...
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Receptor tyrosine kinases transmit signals from outside the cell via the membrane into the cytosol. After activation by an external factor, the receptor monomers dimerize and phosphorylate each other’s intracellular domains. Cytosolic proteins bind to the phosphorylated domains and...
The cell goes through typical stages between two cell divisions. The successive phases can be visualized as the so-called cell cycle. The cell cycle comprises two main phases, namely division, also called mitosis or M-phase, and the phase of DNA and protein synthesis, also called S-phase...