The phoshatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) can be activated by binding directly or via the protein IRS-1 to the activated receptor tyrosine kinase. Alternatively, PI3K can...
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The second messenger PIP3 formed by PI3K can be hydrolyzed to PIP2 by the phosphatase PTEN. PIP2 can be hydrolyzed to diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate...
The phosphatase PTEN dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, which can then be hydrolyzed to DAG and IP3. In addition, PTEN performs many other functions by binding to and...
In tumor cells of patients with congenital hamartoma syndromes such as Cowden syndrome (CS), tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) syndrome and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, the...
In normal cells without a Wnt signal a cytosolic destruction complex phosphorylates the signaling protein b-catenin leading to its degradation. In the presence of...
