The term apoptosis describes the regulated and gradual death of a cell. In contrast to uncontrolled necrosis, apoptosis is limited to one or a few cells and is not...
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a transcription factor. p53 monomers assemble into tetramers that bind to consensus sequences in the DNA and activate the...
This video shows the formation of a metastatic thrombus. Tissue Factor (TF) in the cell membrane of the tumor cells activates factor VII, which in turn activates factor...
This video describes the bone loss through metastases of breast cancer. The CXCL12 chemokine formed by stromal cells of the bone marrow binds to the CXCR4 receptor of...
The MAPK pathway is dysregulated in more than 50 % of all human tumors. The pathway starts with the activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase, which transmits the signal...
The second messenger PIP3 formed by PI3K can be hydrolyzed to PIP2 by the phosphatase PTEN. PIP2 can be hydrolyzed to diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate...
Receptor tyrosine kinases transmit signals from outside the cell via the membrane into the cytosol. After activation by an external factor, the receptor monomers...
The cell goes through typical stages between two cell divisions. The successive phases can be visualized as the so-called cell cycle. The cell cycle comprises two main...